Genetics Study Guide
A standard undergraduate genetics course: Mendelian genetics and extensions (incomplete dominance, codominance, epistasis, pleiotropy, polygenic inheritance), chromosomal basis of inheritance, linkage and recombination, molecular biology of the gene (DNA replication, transcription, translation), gene regulation (prokaryotic and eukaryotic), mutation and DNA repair, genomics and bioinformatics, population genetics, and quantitative genetics.
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12 Topics Covered
Mendelian Genetics and Probability
Monohybrid/dihybrid crosses, test crosses, product and sum rules, chi-square analysis for hypothesis testing.
Extensions of Mendelian Genetics
Incomplete dominance, codominance, multiple alleles, epistasis, pleiotropy, lethal alleles, and complementation analysis.
Sex-Linked and Non-Traditional Inheritance
X-linked traits, sex-influenced/limited inheritance, genomic imprinting, and extranuclear inheritance patterns.
Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance
Chromosome theory, nondisjunction, aneuploidy, polyploidy, sex determination systems, X-inactivation, and Barr bodies.
Linkage, Recombination, and Chromosome Mapping
Linked genes, recombination frequency, two-point and three-point mapping, interference, and coefficient of coincidence.
DNA Structure and Replication
Watson-Crick model, semiconservative replication, replication machinery, leading/lagging strands, Okazaki fragments, and telomerase.
Transcription and RNA Processing
Prokaryotic and eukaryotic transcription, promoters, RNA polymerase, mRNA processing, splicing, and alternative splicing.
Translation and the Genetic Code
Genetic code properties, tRNA charging, ribosome function, translation stages, wobble hypothesis, post-translational modifications.
Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes
Lac operon induction, catabolite repression, trp operon repression, and attenuation mechanisms for bacterial gene control.
Gene Regulation in Eukaryotes and Epigenetics
Chromatin remodeling, histone modification, DNA methylation, transcription factors, enhancers, miRNA, and siRNA regulation.
Mutation and DNA Repair
Point mutations, frameshift mutations, induced/spontaneous mutagenesis, Ames test, DNA repair pathways, transposable elements.
Recombinant DNA Technology and Population Genetics
PCR, cloning, CRISPR-Cas9, DNA sequencing, Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, allele frequencies, and evolutionary forces.
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